Direct detection of REM sleep using low-cost cameras: The ZZZleep Mask
Kirthana and Sarah completing a REM validation test
pdf

Keywords

sleep
devices

Abstract

Students need adequate sleep in order to maintain their highest academic potential. Inadequate sleep, specifically Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep, can result in focus loss and inattention, which can be detrimental to brain development and function in adolescents. A sleep mask (The ZZZleep Mask) has been developed to directly track REM sleep cycles using an infrared-sensitive camera and integrated tracking software. The ZZZleep Mask system can successfully collect data and detect eye motion.

pdf

References

Andrillon, T., Nir, Y., Cirelli, C. et al. Single-neuron activity and eye movements during human REM sleep and awake vision. Nat Commun 6, 7884 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8884

bigleyj. (2021, December 3). Sleep: How Much You Need and Its 4 Stages. Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland Clinic. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/your-complete-guide-to-sleep/

Bozkurt, A., & Onaral, B. (2004). Safety assessment of near infrared light emitting diodes for diffuse optical measurements. BioMedical Engineering OnLine, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-925x-3-9

Do Sleep Trackers Really Work? (2021, August 8). Hopkinsmedicine.org. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/do-sleep-trackers-really-work

Hershner, S. D., & Chervin, R. D. (2014, June 23). Causes and consequences of sleepiness among college students. Nature and science of sleep. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4075951/

Horowitz, A. H., Rosello, O., Vega, T. et al. (2021). Masca: A Flexible Sleep Mask for Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Detection and Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS) Intervention. MIT Media Lab. https://ethanweber.me/sleep/Human_2_0_Paper.pdf

How Is Sleep Different for Men and Women? | Sleep Foundation, 26 Oct. 2018, www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/how-is-sleep-different-for-men-and-women.

https://www.facebook.com/WebMD. What Are REM and Non-REM Sleep? WebMD, WebMD, 26 Apr. 2005, www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-101.

How Lack of Sleep Impacts Cognitive Performance and Focus | Sleep Foundation. (2016, November 14). Sleep Foundation. https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-deprivation/lack-of-sleep-and-cognitive-impairment

Kahn, Jeff. How Much REM Sleep Do You Need? PSA: You Don’t Need to Know. Risescience.com, 2019, www.risescience.com/blog/how-much-rem-sleep-do-you-need.

Kelsey, S., & Soltis, B. (2011, June 6). Rem sleep alarm. DigitalCommons@CalPoly. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/eesp/73/

Kourkoumelis N, Tzaphlidou M. Eye safety related to near infrared radiation exposure to biometric devices. ScientificWorldJournal. 2011 Mar 1;11:520-8. doi: 10.1100/tsw.2011.52. PMID: 21380486; PMCID: PMC5720004.

Mateika, J. H. (2002, June). The Impacts of Sleeping on Learning and Behavior in Adolescents. ResearchGate. Retrieved September 27, 2022, from Georgios Mitru, et al. ResearchGate, Blackwell Publishing, June 2002, www.researchgate.net/publication/237808777_The_Impact_of_Sleep_on_Learning_and_Behavior_in_Adolescents.

Murray, M. (2019, January 25). Raspberry Pi NOIR vs Normal Camera. The Geek Pub. https://www.thegeekpub.com/16220/raspberry-pi-noir-vs-normal-camera/

National Sleep Foundation, Nov. 2020, www.thensf.org/what-is-rem-sleep/.

Pacheco, Danielle & Singh, Abhinav. What Happens During NREM Sleep? | Sleep Foundation. (2022, July 8). Sleep Foundation. https://www.sleepfoundation.org/stages-of-sleep/nrem-sleep

Polysomnography (sleep study) - Mayo Clinic. (2020). Mayoclinic.org; https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/polysomnography/about/pac-20394877#

Ramsay, D. (2021, April 8). How to Tell if your Eye-Tracking IR Diode is Safe. Epistemology, Cognition, and the Future of Technology. https://blog.davidbramsay.com/how-to-tell-if-your-eye-tracking-ir-diode-is-safe/

Raspberry Pi Documentation - Camera. (2013). Raspberrypi.com. https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html

Raspberry Pi Ltd. (2016). Buy a Raspberry Pi Camera Module 2 – Raspberry Pi. Raspberry Pi. https://www.raspberrypi.com/products/camera-module-v2/

Raspberry Pi Ltd. (2016). Buy a Raspberry Pi Camera Module 2 NoIR – Raspberry Pi. Raspberry Pi. https://www.raspberrypi.com/products/pi-noir-camera-v2/

Rundo, J. V., & Downey, R., 3rd (2019). Polysomnography. Handbook of clinical neurology, 160, 381–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64032-1.00025-4

Rusch, H. L. (2020, December 17). Links between stress, sleep, and inflammation: a translational perspective of resilience. ResearchGate; unknown. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347984977_Links_between_stress_sleep_and_inflammation_a_translational_perspective_of_resilience

Saleh, M. (2020, October). How accurate is Fitbit sleep? | Top Picks | Medical News Bulletin. Medical News Bulletin. https://medicalnewsbulletin.com/how-accurate-is-fitbit-sleep/

Stickgold, R., Pace-Schott, E., & Hobson, J. Allan. (1994). A New Paradigm for Dream Research: Mentation Reports Following Spontaneous Arousal from REM and NREM Sleep Recorded in a Home Setting. Consciousness and Cognition, 3(1), 16–29. https://doi.org/10.1006/ccog.1994.1002

Suni, E. (2022, October 7). Stages of sleep. Sleep Foundation. Retrieved December 9, 2022, from https://www.sleepfoundation.org/stages-of-sleep

Suni, E. (2023, April 4) 100+ Sleep Statistics - Facts and Data About Sleep 2023 | Sleep Foundation. (2023, April 4). Sleep Foundation. https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/sleep-facts-statistics.

Takahashi, Kazumi, and Yoshikata Atsumi. Precise Measurement of Individual Rapid Eye Movements in REM Sleep of Humans. Sleep, vol. 20, no. 9, Sept. 1997, pp. 743–52, https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/20.9.743.

Walker, W. H., Walton, J. C., DeVries, A. C., & Nelson, R. J. (2020). Circadian rhythm disruption and mental health. Translational Psychiatry, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-0694-0

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2023 Sarah Choi, Kana Park, Kirthana Senthil